Ethics

Benedict Spinoza is a foundational, milestone figure in the history of global philosophy. Spinoza's teachings continue the revolutionary movements of thought initiated by Descartes in European philosophy, rejecting the values of past centuries, medieval religious dogma, and the inviolability of authorities.
Spinoza was a philosophical rebel of his time; his community turned away from him for his free thinking and iconoclasm. Spinoza became an outcast, pursued by the church, which, however, in no way shook his views or the components of his teachings.
In global philosophy, there have been thinkers distinguished by their poetic prose; there were those marked by elevated pathos; there were those characterized by the simplicity of material presentation or, conversely, complexity. However, there was no philosopher in the history of philosophy as well-reasoned, "mathematical" as Spinoza.
Spinoza's "Ethics" appears not to be a book, but rather a collection of infinitely strict equations, formulas, causes, and effects. For Spinoza, philosophy is something greater than the human being, his thoughts, and feelings, and therefore there is no place for the human in philosophy. Spinoza deliberately ignores all humaneness in his works, leaving only bare, geometrically precise, polished proofs, scholia, and corollaries, from which one of the most remarkable philosophical systems in history is constructed.